Enhancing AV fistula function: An update review on the role of percutaneous angioplasty for stenosis management

Arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) are the preferable vascular access for hemodialysis due to the improved patency and decreased complication rates.  However, primary failure remains as a significant obstacle, typically related to juxta-anastomotic stenosis triggered by neointimal hyperplasia. The site of stenosis differs by AVF type, influencing functionality and necessitating specific therapies.  Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is the primary intervention, with elevated success rates in reestablishing AVF patency.  Optimal technique, lesion site selection, and superior balloon angioplasty markedly improve results. Utilizing an evidence-based methodology enhances AVF performance, diminishes thrombosis risk, and augments long-term dialysis effectiveness.